Scientists have succeeded in sequencing the dog genome, an accomplishment that could lead to better health for humans combined with canines. A worldwide team of researchers have published their detailed analysis from the journal Nature.
“Of the more than 5,500 mammals living today, dogs are arguably the most remarkable,” says senior author Eric Lander, PhD, director of the Broad Institute at of MIT and Harvard. He has been a professor of biology at MIT and systems biology at Harvard Medical School, as well as a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.
“The incredible physical and behavioral diversity of dogs -from Chihuahuas to Great Danes – is encoded in their genomes. It can uniquely help us understand embryonic development, neurobiology, human disease and the basis of evolution,” Dr. Lander notes.
Powerful Tool
“When compared with the genomes of human in addition to important organisms, your canine genome provides for a powerful tool for identifying genetics that play a role in human health and disease,” says Francis S. Collins, MD, PhD, director from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), which supported the published information.
“This milestone is especially gratifying as it might also directly benefit veterinary researchers’ efforts to better understand and treat diseases afflicting our loyal canine companions,” Dr. Collins adds.
Humans domesticated the dog, Canis familiaris, from gray wolves as long as 100,000 years ago. As a result of selective breeding over the past few centuries, modern dog breeds present a model of diversity. From six-pound Chihuahuas to 120-pound Great Danes, from high-energy Jack Russell Terriers to mild-mannered basset hounds, and from Shetland sheepdogs with their herding instincts to pointers inclined to point, humans have bred dogs for desirable physical and behavioral traits.
Such breeding practices preserve preferred traits of 1 generation within the next, but they also predispose many dog breeds to genetic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, blindness, cataracts, epilepsy, hip dysplasia and deafness.
The research group found that while different breeds show amazing physical diversity, they often share large segments of their DNA, likely reflecting their recent shared origin. As a result, genetic tools being developed at the Broad Institute and NHGRI for any one breed of dog are likely to be useful in genetic experiments in nearly any breed.
Evolutionary Tree
While dogs occupy a special place in human hearts, they also sit at a key branch point, relative to humans, in the evolutionary tree. It was already known that humans share more of their ancestral DNA with dogs than with mice. The availability of the dog genome sequence has allowed researchers to describe a common set of genetic elements- representing about 5 percent of the human genome- that are preferentially preserved among human, dog and mouse.
Rather than being evenly distributed, some of these elements are crowded around just a small fraction of the genes in the genome. Future studies of these clusters may give scientists the critical insight needed to unravel how genomes work.
Elaine A. Ostrander, PhD, chief of NHGRI’s Cancer Genetics Branch, is a co-author of the Nature paper, along with postdoctoral research fellows, Heidi G. Parker and Nate B. Sutter. In addition, Dr. Ostrander is the lead author of the white paper that sets forth the biomedical rationale for sequencing the dog genome.
Dr. Ostrander’s laboratory maps genes responsible for susceptibility to cancer- including breast and prostate cancers- in canines and humans.
“The leading causes of death in dogs are a variety of cancers, a lot of of them are very similar biologically to human cancers.” says Dr. Ostrander. “Using the dog genome sequence in conjunction with the persons genome sequence will assist researchers to narrow their lookout for more of your genetic contributors underlying cancer as well as other major diseases.”
Genetic Compass
Efforts to create the genetic tools needed for mapping disease genes in dogs have gained momentum over the last 15 years, and already include a partial survey of the poodle genome. More than two years ago, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, PhD, co-director of the genome sequencing and analysis program at the Broad Institute, and colleagues embarked on a two-part project to assemble a complete map of the dog genome.
First, they acquired high-quality DNA sequence covering nearly 99 % of the dog genome from a female boxer named Tasha. The boxer was chosen as a representative within the average purebred dog to make what has grown to be a reference sequence for that dog-genome community.
Using the sequence information as a genetic “compass,” they navigated the genomes of 10 different dog breeds and other related canine species, including the gray wolf and the coyote.
The researchers identified roughly 2.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, sprinkled throughout the dog genome. SNPs are variations in the DNA code, most of which bring about diseases or the overall health of a dog.
SNPs may also be used to make a set of coordinates with which to survey genetic changes, both within and across dog breeds. These efforts says individual breeds have maintained a substantial amount of genetic variability, despite their long history of restrictive breeding.
In practical terms, this means that future efforts to locate disease genes in dogs can be much narrower in scope than comparable human studies, requiring a smaller number of genetic markers and DNA samples collected from the blood or cheek from only a few hundred dogs.
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Evolutionary biology
* Hank guides us through the process of natural selection, the key mechanism of evolution.
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Table of Contents:
1) Natural Selection 1:27
2) Adaptation 2:56
3) Fitness 3:36
4) Four Principals 3:54
a. Variations 4:01
b. Heritability 4:17
c. “The Struggle for Existence” 4:25
d. Survival and Reproductive Rates 5:00
5) Biolography 5:59
6) Modes of Selection 7:40
a. Directional Selection 8:17
b. Stabilizing Selection 8:56
c. Disruptive Selection 9:27
7) Sexual Selection 10:22
8) Artificial Selection 11:24
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Natural Selection – Crash Course Biology #14
Evolutionary biology